Floating Solar’s role in achieving Africa’s energy goals as an alternative to dams
Researchers from Politecnico di Milano have identified floating solar photovoltaics (FPV) as a viable alternative to traditional hydropower in meeting Africa’s energy targets, according to a new study published in Nature Energy. The research shows that FPVs, installed in existing large reservoirs, could generate 20 to 100% of the expected electricity from planned hydropower dams across Africa.
The research, conducted using a comprehensive energy planning model, shows that FPV is not only cost-effective compared to other renewable sources, but also plays a crucial role in Africa’s energy future. “Floating solar has proven to be cost-competitive and could potentially eliminate the need for many new dams,” said Wyatt Arnold, the study’s lead author.
A detailed analysis of the transboundary Zambezi watercourse indicated that capital investments for new dams could be used more effectively by building fewer reservoirs and expanding them with floating solar panels. This strategy could reduce annual variability in electricity supply by 12% and increase resilience to long-term droughts exacerbated by climate change.
“Adopting floating solar energy can provide developing economies with a stable energy supply that is less sensitive to hydrological changes,” explains Prof. Andrea Castelletti. “Additionally, it mitigates negative impacts on downstream communities and river ecosystems compared to new dam projects.”
The study also underlines the importance of integrated resource planning and the need to consider transboundary impacts in sustainable development. It promotes multi-sectoral modeling that integrates energy, agriculture, environmental protection and economic growth within river basins.
Prof. Matteo Giuliani noted: “The strategic deployment of floating solar energy could outweigh the potential drawbacks for reservoir uses such as fishing or recreation. Still, continued improvements in FPV technology and effective planning are essential for its responsible implementation.”
While floating solar offers significant environmental benefits, the study acknowledges challenges in technology and social acceptance that may limit its deployment. Nevertheless, these challenges are likely to have less impact than the negative consequences of new hydropower projects, which can disrupt river ecologies, displace populations and increase regional conflicts over water use.
Research report:Floating solar energy is emerging as a sustainable energy solution for Africa’s future
